Abstract On October 18th 2019, a period of protests began in Chile called the “social outbreak” that led to mass demonstrations and the occurrence of criminally prosecutable behaviors. This exploratory study analyzes the functioning of arrests’ control hearings during the social outbreak, using as analytic framework the “fair treatment” concept provided by procedural justice literature, and administrative data from the Public Criminal Defense Office and 68 interviews conducted with people arrested during those protests. The results show substantial increases in the daily number of arrestees and defendants without previous contact with the penal system, as well as an increase in the proportion of declarations of illegality of the arrests and of the precautionary measures decreed. It is also noted that although prosecutors, defenders and judges did comply with legality, part of the defendants perceived that the criminal justice system did not provide them with adequate treatment. The study discusses which of these situations are linked to the context generated by the social outbreak and which are manifestations of older problems in the penal system, and how the problems surrounding arrestee treatment ascertained can affect the perceived legitimacy of the penal system.

Resumen El 18 de octubre de 2019, comenzó en Chile un período de protestas denominado “estallido social” que dio lugar a marchas multitudinarias y a la ocurrencia de conductas perseguibles penalmente. Este estudio exploratorio analiza el funcionamiento de las audiencias de control de detención durante dicho período, utilizando como marco analítico el concepto de “trato justo” construido por la literatura de justicia procedimental y como fuentes de información datos administrativos de la Defensoría Penal Pública y 68 entrevistas realizadas a personas detenidas durante dichas protestas. Los hallazgos muestran aumentos sustantivos en el número diario de detenidos y de imputados sin contactos previos con el sistema penal, así como un incremento en la proporción de declaraciones de ilegalidad de las detenciones y de medidas cautelares decretadas. Se constata además que si bien fiscales, defensores y jueces dieron cumplimiento a lo prescrito legalmente, una parte de los imputados percibió que el sistema penal no les brindó un trato adecuado. Se discuten aquellas situaciones que son atribuibles al contexto generado por el estallido social y aquellas que constituyen manifestaciones de problemas de larga data en el sistema penal, y cómo los problemas de trato constatados pueden afectar la legitimidad percibida del sistema penal.

Abstract Introduction Food losses and waste are considered one of the biggest environmental and social problems worldwide. Regarding waste, international evidence shows that most of it occurs at the household level, representing an avoidable economic and nutritional cost for families. To date, there are no studies on this subject in Chile. Objective: Describe the family eating behavior regarding food waste, through the design and validation of a survey applied in a sample of households in Chile and determine the nutritional cost of the waste generated. Material and Methods Descriptive and prospective experimental study where, by means of an instrument validated, sociodemographic data and variables of food behavior (purchase, preparation, consumption, and attitude) were determined, in addition, the caloric intake and of macro and micronutrients of the waste generated by a sample of 15 households in the metropolitan region was calculated. Results According to the survey, families did not have purchase planning strategies generating surplus consumption, a behavior that is not indifferent to them, showing a positive disposition to reduce it. The average waste per household in a week was 3.65kg composed mainly of fruits and vegetables. This amount and/or type of waste did not show a significant relationship with the behavioral variables. The nutritional cost of the waste was 4,335 average kcal per household, coming mostly from carbohydrates. The most affected micronutrients were vitamins C, B3 and K, Sodium, Potassium, Iron and Copper either by quantity or with respect to the requirement. Conclusions The data obtained on quantification, composition, food behavior and nutritional impact of the waste generated by Chilean households, represents an advance to generate national strategies that aim at reducing it and promoting sustainable consumption.

Resumen Introducción Las pérdidas y desperdicios de alimentos son considerados uno de los mayores problemas ambientales y sociales a nivel mundial. Respecto de los desperdicios, la evidencia internacional muestra que la mayor parte ocurre a nivel de hogar, representando un costo económico y nutricional evitable para las familias. Hasta la fecha, en Chile no hay estudios sobre el tema. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento alimentario familiar frente al desperdicio de alimentos, a través del diseño y validación de una encuesta aplicada en una muestra de hogares en Chile, y determinar el costo nutricional de los desperdicios generados. Material y Métodos: Estudio experimental descriptivo y prospectivo, de tipo piloto, donde se determinaron, mediante un instrumento validado, datos sociodemográficos y variables del comportamiento alimentario (compra, preparación, consumo y actitud) y se cuantificó el aporte calórico y de macro y micronutrientes de los desperdicios generados por una muestra de 15 hogares de la región metropolitana. Resultados De acuerdo con la encuesta, las familias no contaban con estrategias de planificación de compra generando excedentes en el consumo, comportamiento que no les resulta indiferente mostrando una disposición positiva a disminuirlo. El desperdicio promedio por hogar en una semana fue de 3,65kg compuesto principalmente por frutas y verduras. Esta cantidad y/o tipo de desperdicios no mostró relación significativa con las variables del comportamiento. El costo nutricional de los desperdicios fue de 4.335kcal promedio por hogar, proveniente mayormente de carbohidratos. Los micronutrientes más afectados fueron las vitaminas C, B3 y K, sodio, potasio, hierro y cobre ya sea por cantidad o respecto del requerimiento. Conclusiones Los datos obtenidos sobre cuantificación, composición, comportamiento alimentario e impacto nutricional del desperdicio generado por hogares chilenos, representa un avance para generar estrategias nacionales que apunten a su reducción y a la promoción de un consumo sostenible.

ABSTRACT Objective. Evaluate the predictive validity of a functional classification (FC) method for the use of emergency services and hospitalization, mortality, and health care costs among older adults. Methods. Retrospective cohort study that included 2 168 older adults in a chronic noncommunicable disease (CNCD) care program in Medellin, Colombia. Patients were stratified according to a FC method based on functional status, presence of risk factors, and control of comorbidity. During one year of follow-up, the predictive validity of the FC method was assessed for the studied outcomes. Discrimination and calibration were measured with the C-statistic and Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) test, respectively. Results. The average age was 74.6 ± 7.9 years; 40.8% (n = 884) were men and 7.7% (n = 168) died. The risk of death (odds ratio [OR]: 1.767; 3.411; 8.525), hospitalization (OR: 1.397; 2.172; 3.540) and high cost of health care (OR: 1.703; 2.369; 5.073) increased in proportion to a deterioration in functional classification (classes 2B, 3, and 4, respectively). The predictive model for the outcome of death showed good capacity for discrimination (C-statistic = 0.721) and calibration (HL statistic 10.200; P = 0.251). Conclusion. There is a dose-response relationship between deterioration in FC and a higher risk of death, hospitalization, and high cost. FC has predictive validity for the mortality rate and could be used to stratify older adults in CNCD care programs with a view to guiding interventions.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar la validez predictiva de un método de clasificación funcional (CF) sobre el uso de los servicios de urgencias y hospitalización, mortalidad y costos de la atención en salud en adultos mayores. Métodos. Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo que incluyó 2 168 adultos mayores en un programa de atención de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) en Medellín (Colombia). Los pacientes fueron estratificados según un método de CF con base en el estado funcional, presencia de factores de riesgo y control de la comorbilidad. Durante un año de seguimiento, se evaluó la validez predictiva de la CF sobre los desenlaces estudiados; se midieron la discriminación y la calibración con el estadístico-C y de Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L), respectivamente. Resultados. El promedio de edad fue 74,6 ± 7,9 años; el 40,8% (n = 884) fueron hombres y 7,7% (n = 168) murieron. El riesgo de muerte (razón de posibilidades [OR, por su sigla en inglés]: 1,767; 3,411; 8,525), hospitalización (OR: 1,397; 2,172; 3,540) y un costo elevado de la atención en salud (OR: 1,703; 2,369; 5,073) aumentaron en la medida que hubo un deterioro en la CF, clases 2B, 3 y 4, respectivamente. El modelo predictivo para el desenlace muerte mostró una buena capacidad de discriminación (estadístico-C = 0,721) y calibración (estadístico de H-L = 10,200; P = 0,251). Conclusión. Existe una relación de dosis y respuesta entre el deterioro de la CF y un riesgo más elevado de muerte, hospitalización y costo elevado. La CF tiene validez predictiva para la tasa de mortalidad y podría utilizarse para la estratificación de adultos mayores en programas de atención de las ECNT con miras a dirigir las acciones de intervención.

RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar a validade preditiva de um método de classificação funcional (CF) para a utilização de serviços de emergência e internação hospitalar, mortalidade e custos da atenção de saúde em idosos. Métodos. Estudo de coorte retrospectivo com 2 168 idosos atendidos em um programa de atenção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) em Medellín, Colômbia. Um método de CF foi usado para estratificar os participantes segundo o estado funcional, presença de fatores de risco e controle de comorbidades. No período de acompanhamento de um ano, a validade preditiva da CF foi avaliada para os desfechos de interesse. A capacidade discriminatória (estatística C) e a calibração (teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow [H-L]) do modelo foram avaliadas. Resultados. A média de idade dos participantes do estudo foi 74,6 ± 7,9 anos, 40,8% (n = 884) eram do sexo masculino e 7,7% (n = 168) vieram a óbito. Houve aumento do risco de óbito (odds ratio [OR] 1,767; 3,411–8,525), internação hospitalar (OR 1,397; 2,172-3,540) e custo elevado da atenção de saúde (OR 1,703; 2,369–5,073) com o declínio funcional – classes funcionais 2B, 3 e 4, respectivamente. O modelo preditivo para o desfecho de óbito demonstrou boa capacidade discriminatória (estatística C = 0,721) e calibração (estatística H-L = 10,200; P = 0,251). Conclusão. Há uma relação de dose-resposta entre o declínio da CF e risco maior de óbito, internação hospitalar e custo elevado da atenção. A CF tem validade preditiva para a taxa de mortalidade e poderia ser utilizada na estratificação de idosos em programas de atenção de DCNT para ajudar a direcionar as medidas de intervenção.

Resumen El interés y la necesidad de estudiar las células madre en terapias regenerativas han aumentado en los últimos años debido a su capacidad de proliferación y diferenciación hacia múltiples linajes. Desafortunadamente, el número de células demandado para un trasplante satisfactorio es mayor al que se logra extraer directamente del paciente, por lo que se deben realizar cultivos in vitro de células madre. Sin embargo, con el tiempo las células de estos cultivos se vuelven senescentes, disminuyendo así su número de divisiones celulares y su capacidad proliferativa. Para solucionar esta problemática se han propuesto factores de crecimiento como agentes potenciadores de la proliferación celular. Entre estos se encuentra el factor de crecimiento fibroblástico 2, que al agregarse al medio podría promover la proliferación y aumentar el tiempo de vida de las células en cultivo. En la siguiente revisión se recopila información sobre la biología de este factor de crecimiento y el tipo de señalización que utiliza, al igual que sus aplicaciones en terapia regenerativa y su efecto en la proliferación celular y senescencia.

Abstract The interest and need to study stem cells in regenerative therapies has increased in recent years due to their ability to proliferate and differentiate into multiple lineages. Unfortunately, the number of cells needed for a successful transplant is greater than that obtained directly from the patient, so in vitro cultures of stem cells must be done. However, over time the cells in these cultures become senescent, decreasing their number of cellular divisions and their proliferative capacity. To solve this problem, different growth factors have been proposed as promoting agents for cell proliferation. Among these is the fibroblast growth factor 2 which, when added to the medium, could promote proliferation and increase the life time of the cells in the culture. The following review compiles information about the biology of this growth factor and the type of signaling it uses, as well as its applications in regenerative therapy and its effect on cell proliferation and senescence.

Abstract: The presence of the spider Tegenaria domestica in southern Patagonia is revised and analyzed. New records are provided from Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego Province Argentina, and its presence is confirmed in Magallanes Region, Chile. The significance of the historical records and the new ones is discussed. Illustrations are provided to correctly identify the species.

Resumen: Se revisa y analiza la presencia de la araña Tegenaria domestica en la Patagonia austral. Se entregan nuevos registros para las provincias de Santa Cruz y Tierra del Fuego en Argentina y se confirma su presencia en la región de Magallanes en Chile. Se discute la significancia de los registros históricos y los nuevos aquí entregados. Se proveen ilustraciones para identificar correctamente esta especie.

RESUMO Racional: A gastrectomia laparoscópica tem numerosas vantagens perioperatórias, mas a sobrevivência em longo prazo após este procedimento tem sido menos estudada. Objetivo: Comparar resultados de sobrevivência, oncológica e perioperatória entre a gastrectomia completamente laparoscópica vs. aberta para câncer gástrico precoce. Método: Este estudo foi retrospectivo e os principais resultados foram a sobrevivência global e específica de cinco anos, contagem de linfonodos e taxa de ressecção R0. Resultado secundário foi a morbidade pós-operatória. Resultados: Foram incluídos 116 pacientes (59% homens, idade 68 anos, comorbidades 73%, IMC 25) que foram submetidos a 50 gastrectomias laparoscópicas e 66 gastrectomias abertas. As características demográficas, a localização do tumor, o tipo de operação, a extensão da dissecção dos linfonodos e do estágio não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. A taxa geral de complicações foi semelhante em ambos os grupos (40% vs. 28%, p=ns) e complicações classificadas Clavien 2 (36% vs. 18%, p=0,03), respiratórias (9% vs. 0%, p=0,03) e as da parede abdominal (12% vs. 0%, p=0,009) foram significativamente menores após a gastrectomia laparoscópica. A contagem de linfonodos (21 contra 23, p=ns) e a taxa de ressecção R0 (100% vs. 96%; p=ns) não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. A sobrevida global de cinco anos (84% vs. 87%, p=0,31) e a sobrevida específica (93% vs. 98%, p=0,20) não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos de gastrectomia laparoscópica e aberta. Conclusão: Estes resultados suportam resultados oncológicos similares e sobrevida em longo prazo para pacientes com câncer gástrico precoce após gastrectomia laparoscópica e gastrectomia aberta. Além disso, a abordagem laparoscópica está associada com morbidade menos grave e menor ocorrência de complicações respiratórias e da parede abdominal.

ABSTRACT Background: Laparoscopic gastrectomy has numerous perioperative advantages, but the long-term survival of patients after this procedure has been less studied. Aim: To compare survival, oncologic and perioperative outcomes between completely laparoscopic vs. open gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. Methods: This study was retrospective, and our main outcomes were the overall and disease-specific 5-year survival, lymph node count and R0 resection rate. Our secondary outcome was postoperative morbidity. Results: Were included 116 patients (59% men, age 68 years, comorbidities 73%, BMI 25) who underwent 50 laparoscopic gastrectomies and 66 open gastrectomies. The demographic characteristics, tumour location, type of surgery, extent of lymph node dissection and stage did not significantly differ between groups. The overall complication rate was similar in both groups (40% vs. 28%, p=ns), and complications graded at least Clavien 2 (36% vs. 18%, p=0.03), respiratory (9% vs. 0%, p=0.03) and wound-abdominal wall complications (12% vs. 0%, p=0.009) were significantly lower after laparoscopic gastrectomy. The lymph node count (21 vs. 23 nodes; p=ns) and R0 resection rate (100% vs. 96%; p=ns) did not significantly differ between groups. The 5-year overall survival (84% vs. 87%, p=0.31) and disease-specific survival (93% vs. 98%, p=0.20) did not significantly differ between the laparoscopic and open gastrectomy groups. Conclusion: The results of this study support similar oncologic outcome and long-term survival for patients with early gastric cancer after laparoscopic gastrectomy and open gastrectomy. In addition, the laparoscopic approach is associated with less severe morbidity and a lower occurrence of respiratory and wound-abdominal wall complications.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate competence related alterations, in patients between 18 and 65 years old, scheduled to surgery in the Hospital Clínico UC-Christus. Alteration of cognitive skills associated to patients competence were observed in the preoperatory service, and in the surgical theatre. The underlying hypothesis was than the skills related to decision making fluctuates in the previous moments to a surgical intervention. Material and methods: Observational study. A total of 85 patients were evaluated, 44 in the preoperatory room and 41 in the surgical theatre, using the Montreal Cognitive Asessment Tool (MoCA). Results: There were no differences between evaluations in the preoperatory room and the surgical theatre (P=.19). Neither were differences between the percentage of patients who achieved less than 26 points (the cutoff of the test) in both evaluated places (30 vs. 26%, P=.61). Discussion: Other associated variables, such as age and educational level, could be related to competence related alterations in patients. The patient evaluation moment does not influences the results of the MoCA test. Conclusions: It is not possible to conclude than there are no differences in the patients ability to consent, evaluated by the MoCA tool, in the moments prior to a surgical intervention.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar las alteraciones de la competencia en pacientes entre 18 y 65 años programados a cirugía general en el Hospital Clínico UC-Christus. Se estudiaron las alteraciones en habilidades cognitivas asociadas a la competencia de los pacientes, en distintos momentos previos a una cirugía electiva, bajo la hipótesis de que la capacidad de tomar decisiones varía o fluctúa antes de una intervención quirúrgica. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, de carácter transversal. Fueron evaluados 85 pacientes, 44 en la unidad preoperatoria y 41 en el pabellón quirúrgico, por medio del test Montreal cognitive asessment tool (MoCA). Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas entre la evaluación en la unidad preoperatoria y en el pabellón quirúrgico (p = 0,19). Ni tampoco en cuanto a porcentaje de pacientes con puntaje MoCA menor a puntaje de corte de 26 puntos en ambos lugares (30 vs. 26%; p = 0,61). Discusión: Variables como edad y nivel educacional pueden estar asociadas a alteraciones en la competencia de los pacientes. El momento de evaluación de los pacientes no influye significativamente en los resultados del test MoCA. Conclusiones: No fue posible concluir que existan diferencias en la capacidad de consentir de los pacientes, evaluada según puntaje en escala MoCA, en momentos próximos a una intervención quirúrgica.

SUMMARY The frequency of anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies in individuals attended by the Centro de Salud Familiar in the coastal Niebla town, Chile, was related to the host and to environmental factors. IgG anti- Toxocara antibodies were detected with a commercial ELISA kit (SCIMEDX Corporation, USA). Samples with undetermined absorbance values were subjected to an additional ELISA standardized by the Instituto de Salud Pública, Chilean Health Ministry, a commercial ELISA (NOVATEC, Germany), and a commercial Western blot kit (LDBio Diagnostics, France). Hematological exams were performed using an automated blood counter and blood smears. Dog feces were collected from the ground along the main road in Niebla, including rural and urban locations. Ninety (25.4%) of the 355 examined individuals were positive by the ELISA test. The frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies and the infection risk were significantly higher (p < 0.05) among those individuals ≥ 40 years old with respect to the 20-39 years old group, in individuals from rural locations, those who did not have a safe drinking water supply in the house or who presented blood eosinophilia. The proportion of positive samples of dog feces and the mean number of Toxocara canis eggs/g of feces in urban and rural areas were similar (p > 0.05).

Se evaluó el efecto de Fosfito de potasio, Fosetil-Al, Acibenzolar-s-metil, Ácido DL-3-aminobutírico y lixi- viados de raquis de plátano, en la reducción de nematodos fitoparásitos en suelo y raíces de plántulas de plá- tano Dominico-Hartón y FHIA-21. El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar con siete tratamientos, ocho plántulas por tratamiento, y cuatro repeticiones, incluyendo dos testigos: absoluto y relativo. Se registró la brotación, altura de plántulas, longitud de raíces, materia seca de raíces y nematodos fitoparásitos en 100 g de raíces y suelo. En todos los tratamientos ocurrió el 100% de brotación. La altura de plántulas y longitud de raíces no fue afectada negativamente por la aplicación de los inductores de resistencia, excepto en las tratadas con lixiviados de raquis que presentaron síntomas de fitotoxicidad. La materia seca de raíces aumentó a través del tiempo en los tratamientos con inductores y disminuyó en los testigos. La aplicación de los inductores de resistencia redujo significativamente las poblaciones de nematodos fitoparásitos en raíces de Dominico-Hartón entre 61 y 91% y en FHIA-21 entre 51 y 85%. En suelo la reducción en Dominico-Hartón osciló entre 42 y 78% y en FHIA-21 entre 38 y 72%. En ambos materiales de plátano, se registró Radopholus similis, Helicotylenchus spp. y Meloidogyne spp.

It was evaluated the effect of potassium Phosphite, Fosetyl-Al, Acibenzolar-s-methyl, DL-3-aminobutyric acid and lixiviates of rachis of plantain, on the reduction of nematodes in soil and roots of seedlings of Dominico- Hartón and FHIA-21. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block with seven treatments, four replications and eight plants per replication, including two controls: absolute and relative. Sprouting, seedling height, root length, dry matter of roots and number of nematodes in 100 g of roots and soil were regis- tered. In all treatments occurred 100% of sprouting. Seedling height and root length was not affected adversely by the application of inductors of resistance, except in those treated with lixiviates of rachis of plantain, which showed symptoms of phytotoxicity. The dry matter of roots increased over time in treatments with the induc- tors. The application of resistance inductors significantly reduced populations of plant parasitic nematodes in roots of Dominico-Harton between 61 and 91% and FHIA-21 between 51 and 85%. In soil the reduction ranged between 42 and 78% in Dominico-Harton and between 38 y 72% in FHIA-21. In both materials was found Radopholus similis, Helicotylenchus spp.  and Meloidogyne spp.

El término enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales agrupa principalmente dos tipos de entidades: la enfermedad de Crohn y la colitis ulcerativa; la amplia gama de manifestaciones extraintestinales ha llevado al reconocimiento de entidades dermatológicas que se encuentran asociadas a este tipo de patologías; este artículo hace una revisión sistemática de la literatura de las manifestaciones cutáneas relacionadas con la enfermedad de Crohn y la colitis ulcerativa de las bases de datos MEDLINE, PUBMED, OVID Y HINARI, con el fin de exponer de manera concisa las principales entidades dermatológicas asociadas a estas entidades gastrointestinales.

The wide range of extra-intestinal manifestations of Intestinal inflammatory diseases, such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, include dermatologic manifestations. We performed a systematic review including databases as MEDLINE, PUBMED, OVID and HINARI, for cutaneous manifestations related to Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.